research

Working Paper

1. Gender-Based Violence in Schools and Girls’ Education: Experimental Evidence from Mozambique

   With Sofia Amaral , Aixa Garcia , Selim Gulesci , Alejandra Ramos , Micaela Sviatschi

   Gender-based violence (GBV) at schools is a pervasive problem that affects millions of adolescent girls worldwide. In partnership with the Ministry of Education in Mozambique, we developed an intervention to increase the capacity of key school personnel to address GBV and to improve students’ awareness as well as proactive behaviors. To understand the role of GBV on girls’ education, we randomized not only exposure to the intervention but also whether the student component was targeted to girls only, boys only, or both. Our findings indicate a reduction in sexual violence by teachers and school staff against girls, regardless of the targeted gender group, providing evidence of the role of improving the capacity of key school personnel to deter perpetrators. Using administrative records, we also find that in schools where the intervention encouraged proactive behavior by girls, there was an increase in their school enrollment, largely due to an increased propensity for GBV reporting by victims. Our findings suggest that effectively mitigating violence to improve girls’ schooling requires a dual approach: deterring potential perpetrators and fostering a proactive stance among victims, such as increased reporting.

   Media/Policy Mentions: VoxDev, VoxUNICEFDev, Development Impact WB Blog.

   Presented at: NBER; PacDev; UNU-WIDER; RIDGE; Econometric Society World Congress; CEPR Development Economics Annual Symposium; King’s College; African Union-AfGIL Community of Practice; Africa Chief Economist Office World Bank; Yale; Africa Gender Innovation Lab; Warwick.

   DOI Bib PDF

   Gender-based violence (GBV) at schools is a pervasive problem that affects millions of adolescent girls worldwide. In partnership with the Ministry of Education in Mozambique, we developed an intervention to increase the capacity of key school personnel to address GBV and to improve students’ awareness as well as proactive behaviors. To understand the role of GBV on girls’ education, we randomized not only exposure to the intervention but also whether the student component was targeted to girls only, boys only, or both. Our findings indicate a reduction in sexual violence by teachers and school staff against girls, regardless of the targeted gender group, providing evidence of the role of improving the capacity of key school personnel to deter perpetrators. Using administrative records, we also find that in schools where the intervention encouraged proactive behavior by girls, there was an increase in their school enrollment, largely due to an increased propensity for GBV reporting by victims. Our findings suggest that effectively mitigating violence to improve girls’ schooling requires a dual approach: deterring potential perpetrators and fostering a proactive stance among victims, such as increased reporting.

   @techreport{NBERw33203,
     keywords = { Working Paper},
     title = {Gender-Based Violence in Schools and Girls’ Education: Experimental Evidence from Mozambique},
     author = {Amaral, Sofia and Garcia, Aixa and Gulesci, Selim and Ramos, Alejandra and Sviatschi, Micaela},
     institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
     type = {Working Paper},
     series = {Working Paper Series},
     number = {33203},
     doi = {10.3386/w33203},
     url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w33203},
     presented_at = {NBER; PacDev; UNU-WIDER; RIDGE; Econometric Society World Congress; CEPR Development Economics Annual Symposium; King's College; African Union-AfGIL Community of Practice; Africa Chief Economist Office World Bank; Yale; Africa Gender Innovation Lab; Warwick.},
     ordering = {  }
   }

Work in Progress

1. Outcome- and Input-Based Incentives: Experimental Evidence from a Municipal Incentive Program in Peru

   This paper examines the effects of two institutional incentive schemes—input-based (IBI) and combined input- and outcome-based (IOBI)—on the implementation and effectiveness of a municipal service delivery intervention aimed at reducing childhood anemia in Peru. Leveraging a clustered randomized controlled trial across 539 rural municipalities, I compare the impact of IBI and IOBI contracts on managerial practices, health service coordination, and child health outcomes. Municipalities assigned to IOBI contracts exhibited significantly stronger managerial engagement, better coordination with health services, and more frequent adoption of complementary strategies to address anemia. These behavioral changes translated into modest but statistically significant improvements in timely vaccination coverage and anemia testing rates. However, no short-term impacts were observed on anemia prevalence or hemoglobin levels among children. The findings highlight that while IOBI contracts can improve program implementation, achieving health outcomes improvements may require longer timeframes and/or the integration of broader supporting interventions.

   Presented at: Workshop El mundo rural en América Latina y el Caribe - CAF (2025), LACEA (2025*), APPAM (2025*), NEUDC (2025*).

   This paper examines the effects of two institutional incentive schemes—input-based (IBI) and combined input- and outcome-based (IOBI)—on the implementation and effectiveness of a municipal service delivery intervention aimed at reducing childhood anemia in Peru. Leveraging a clustered randomized controlled trial across 539 rural municipalities, I compare the impact of IBI and IOBI contracts on managerial practices, health service coordination, and child health outcomes. Municipalities assigned to IOBI contracts exhibited significantly stronger managerial engagement, better coordination with health services, and more frequent adoption of complementary strategies to address anemia. These behavioral changes translated into modest but statistically significant improvements in timely vaccination coverage and anemia testing rates. However, no short-term impacts were observed on anemia prevalence or hemoglobin levels among children. The findings highlight that while IOBI contracts can improve program implementation, achieving health outcomes improvements may require longer timeframes and/or the integration of broader supporting interventions.

2. Spillover Effects of School Infrastructure Upgrade: Evidence from Peru

   With Fabiola Alba-Vivar

   This paper examines a school infrastructure upgrading program and its direct and indirect impacts on enrollment, school dropout rates, and student achievement. We exploit the program’s rollout over four years before an abrupt redesign left some schools without the upgrade. Our findings suggest that schools receiving the upgrades experienced a 0.58 percentage point reduction in dropout rates. However, we observe spillover effects on nearby schools: an increase in private school closures and a decline in enrollment, predominantly affecting the public sector. Notably, reading test scores in nearby private and public schools also dropped, suggesting that the students leaving these schools were likely those with higher human capital.

   Media/Policy Mentions: Podcast Perú Debate.

   Presented at: Conferencia Internacional de Desarrollo Económico at PUCP (2023), Crime and Education Labs Seminar at University of Chicago (2025).

   PDF

   This paper examines a school infrastructure upgrading program and its direct and indirect impacts on enrollment, school dropout rates, and student achievement. We exploit the program’s rollout over four years before an abrupt redesign left some schools without the upgrade. Our findings suggest that schools receiving the upgrades experienced a 0.58 percentage point reduction in dropout rates. However, we observe spillover effects on nearby schools: an increase in private school closures and a decline in enrollment, predominantly affecting the public sector. Notably, reading test scores in nearby private and public schools also dropped, suggesting that the students leaving these schools were likely those with higher human capital.

3. Targeting Shortages: The Effects of Compulsory Rural Service on Maternal and Infant Health in Peru

   With Mariel Bedoya
4. From Home to School: The Human Capital Returns to Early Health Investments

   With Mariel Bedoya
5. Does Insecurity Keep Babies from the Doctor? Evidence from Peru

   With Isabel Hincapie , Daniela Paz
6. Externalities and Performance-Based Transfers

   With Luigi Caloi